Valorisation of Municipal Solid Waste into Value-Added Products: Pathways, Technologies, and Environmental Implications

This review explores the transformation of municipal solid waste (MSW) from an environmental burden into a resource for generating value-added products. It examines key valorisation pathways including thermochemical processes (such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification), biological conversions (such as composting and anaerobic digestion), and emerging approaches like waste-to-energy and material recovery systems. The review highlights how these technologies enable the production of useful outputs such as biofuels, electricity, fertilizers, and industrial raw materials.